Marine Biology (Plant Life in Salt Marshes)
Professor
Ok,
today we are going to continue our discussion of plant life in coastal salt
marshes of North America.
Salt marshes are among the least inviting
environments for plants. The water is salty, there is little shade and the
ocean tide comes in and out, constantly flooding the marsh, so the variety of
plants found in salt marshes is limited, but there is a plant genus that thrives
there, the Spartina.
In fact, the Spartina genus is the dominant
plant found in salt marshes. You can find one type of the Spartina, Saltmarsh
Cordgrass, growing in low marsh areas. In higher marsh areas, you are likely to
find a Spartina commonly called salt-meadow hay. (1) So how is the
Spartina able to survive in an environment that
would kill most plants? Well, it is
because salt marsh grasses have found ways to adapt to the conditions there.
First of all, they are able to withstand highly
saline conditions. One really interesting adaptation is the ability to reverse
the process of osmosis. Typically, the process of osmosis works... Well, when
water moves through the wall of a plant cell, it will move from the side
containing water with the lowest amount of salt into the side containing the
highest amount of salt. So imagine what would happen if a typical plant
suddenly found itself in salt water. The water contained in the plant cells, that’s
water with very little salt, would be drawn out toward the seawater, water with
a lot of salt. So you can see the fresh water contained in the plant will be
removed and the plant will quickly lose all its water and dehydrate. But what
about the Spartinas? Well, they allow a certain amount of salt to enter their cells, bringing
the salt content of the water within the plant, to a slightly higher
concentration than that of the surrounding seawater. (2) So instead of fresh water moving out of the plant cells, salt
from the seawater enters, reverse osmosis, and this actually strengthens the
cells.
Another adaptation to the salty environment is
the ability to excrete excess salt back to the environment. That’s why you
might see a Spartina shimmering in the sunlight. (6)
What’s reflecting the light is not salt from seawater that has
evaporated, although that’s a good guess. But it is actually the salt that came
from within the plant. Pretty cool, eh? You can really impress your
friends and family with that little tidbit the next time you are in a salt
marsh.
But coping with salt is not the only challenge
for plants in the salt marsh. Soil there is dense and very low in oxygen, so
Spartinas have air tubes, air enters through tiny openings on the leaves, the
tubes provide direct pipe line for oxygen, carrying it down the leaves, through
the stems and into the roots, where it is needed. (3)
If you pull up a Spartina, you might even notice some reddish mud on
some of the roots. This is caused by oxygen reacting with iron sulfide in the
soil, and it produces iron oxide or rust.
Now, although the Spartinas have adapted
several chemical and physical mechanisms that allow them to thrive in salt
water and to feed oxygen to their roots. (4)
There is yet another aspect of the harsh environment that they have
to adapt to, the force of the tides and occasional violent storms. Wind and
water are constantly crashing into these plants. So as you might have guessed,
they have developed a means of solidly anchoring themselves into the soil. How?
Well, they have tough sort of underground stems
called rhizomes. Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with
those of other nearby plants. The plants form a kind of colony, a community that will survive and
perish together. Because alone as single plants, they cannot survive. Of course
the plants in these colonies also need tough resilient stems above the soil,
stems that can bend a lot but not break as water constantly crashes into them.
(5)
So in addition to the interlocking underground
rhizomes, they have yet another adaptation, and it’s ... well, we are back to
reverse osmosis again, by
adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated. The plant is able to withstand great pressure before snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple
marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural
engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an environment in which most other plants will wilt and
die within hours.
===========================================================
題目(共6題):
1. What is the
lecture mainly about?
A. The effect of
the tidal flow on the salt marsh
B. Ways that some
plants have adapted to living in salt marshes
C. The process of
osmoses in plants
D. Differences
between plants that grow in salt marshes and plants that grow
elsewhere
答案:B
解析:Professor:
...... So how is the Spartina able to survive in an
environment that would kill most plants? Well, it is because
salt marsh grasses have found ways to adapt to the conditions there.
在教授的自問自答中,說明講座的主題是Spartina能在鹽沼中生活的原因,就是因為找到適應環境的方式。
關鍵訊號詞:how is the
Spartina able to ...... / it is because......
2. What is one
result of reverse osmosis in the spartina?
A. Salt from sea
water strengthens the plant's cells.
B. All parts of
the plant are able to receive oxygen.
C. Salt
evaporates oil the stems and leaves of the plant.
D. Water is unable
to move across the plant cell wails.
答案:A
解析:Professor:
...... So instead of fresh water moving out of the plant cells, salt from the
seawater enters, reverse osmosis, and this actually strengthens the cells.
從教授講解中可知,reverse osmosis會強化細胞。
關鍵訊號詞:instead of
...... / this actually ......
3. Why does the
professor mention reddish mud on the roots of a spartina?
A. To illustrate
the high density of salt-marsh soil
B. To explain how
spartina rhizomes move through the soil
C. To point out
the problems spartinas face in getting fresh water
D. To provide
evidence that oxygen is present in the spartina s roots
答案:D
解析:Professor:
...... If you pull up a Spartina, you might even notice some reddish mud on
some of the roots. This is caused by oxygen reacting with iron sulfide in the
soil, and it produces iron oxide or rust.
教授說明Spartina的根部會出現reddish mud是因為iron sulfide與oxygen的反應會產生iron oxide or rust,藉此佐證spartina的根部存在oxygen。
關鍵訊號詞:This is caused
by ......
4. In what way
are rhizomes important for spartinas?
A. They allow
plants to remain cool in direct sunlight
B. They reduce
the possibility of plants being uprooted during storms
C. They help
plants in dense soil process oxygen.
D. They reduce
the concentration of salt in the surrounding seawater.
答案:B
解析:Professor: ...... There is yet another aspect of the
harsh environment that they have to adapt to, the force of the tides and
occasional violent storms. Wind and water are constantly crashing into these
plants. So as you might have guessed, they have developed a means of solidly
anchoring themselves into the soil. How? Well, they have tough sort of um ...
underground stems called rhizomes.
教授說明spartinas通過rhizomes能牢牢地將自己固定在土壤中。
關鍵訊號詞:another aspect
of ...... / How? ......
5. What can be
inferred about the process that prevents spartinas from breaking in violent
storms?
A. It is the same
process that helps them survive being immersed in saltwater.
B. The process is
also responsible for causing their air tubes to form.
C. The process
sometimes damages their rhizomes.
D. Many other
pants have developed a similar process.
答案:A
解析:Professor: ...... So in addition to the interlocking underground rhizomes, they have yet another
adaptation, and it’s ... well, we are back to reverse osmosis again教授重提之前的reverse
osmosis,而reverse osmosis就是幫助Spartinas在鹽水中生存的機制。
關鍵訊號詞:they have yet
another ......
6. Why does the
professor say this?
(Professor: ... What’s
reflecting the light is not salt from seawater that has evaporated, although
that’s a good guess. But it is actually the salt that came from within the
plant.)
A. To point out
an incorrect conclusion
B. To clarify the
meaning of a term
C. To admit that
there is little evidence of the phenomenon she just described
D. To emphasize
the difference between a fact and an opinion
答案:A
解析:
Professor: ... What’s
reflecting the light is not salt from seawater that has evaporated, although
that’s a good guess. But it is actually the salt that came from within the
plant.
教授表示雖然前面是個不錯的猜想,但是結論缺不正確。在but之後開始闡述正確的結論。
關鍵訊號詞:although
...... / But it is actually ......
戴爾美語榮獲台灣區托福、GRE、雅思三考場,原地上課考試
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